{"id":29366,"date":"2022-07-13T14:25:06","date_gmt":"2022-07-13T12:25:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/meremuuseum.ee\/?p=29366"},"modified":"2023-02-13T15:17:41","modified_gmt":"2023-02-13T13:17:41","slug":"meremiinid-eesti-vetes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/meremuuseum.ee\/blog\/2022\/07\/13\/meremiinid-eesti-vetes\/","title":{"rendered":"Meremiinid Eesti vetes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Maailma merev\u00e4ed on veealuseid l\u00f5hkekehasid kasutanud juba sajandeid<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meremiinidele omast t\u00f6\u00f6p\u00f5him\u00f5tet rakendati alates 16. sajandi algusest, mil hollandlased kasutasid triivivaid l\u00f5hkekehasid (p\u00fcssirohuga t\u00e4idetud anumaid) vaenlase laevade uputamiseks. Esmakordselt kasutati meres\u00f5janduses triiviva meremiini p\u00f5him\u00f5tet 1585. aastal itaallasest s\u00f5jav\u00e4einseneri Frederico Gianibelli poolt Antwerpenis silla h\u00e4vitamisel. J\u00e4rgnevalt arendati allveerelvastust t\u00e4helepanuv\u00e4\u00e4rselt edasi 19. sajandil, mil insenerid konstrueerisid mitmesuguseid eksperimentaalmiine. Laialdast kasutust leidsid meremiinid n\u00e4iteks Ameerika Kodus\u00f5jas (1861-1865) ja Vene-Jaapani s\u00f5jas (1904-1905), kus neid rakendati efektiivselt sadamate kaitseks. T\u00f6\u00f6kindlate meremiinide tehnoloogia \u00fches nende massilise tootmisega arendati v\u00e4lja alles 20. sajandi alguseks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>J\u00e4rgmiseks suurema muutuste perioodiks kujunes Esimene Maailmas\u00f5da (1914-1918), kus edendati meremiinide kasutamise meetodeid ning \u00fchtlasi nende likvideerimiseks mehaaniline miinitraalimise tehnika. Selleks otstarbeks v\u00f5eti kasutusele t\u00e4iesti uus s\u00f5jalaevat\u00fc\u00fcp ehk miinitraaler. N\u00e4iteks ainu\u00fcksi Eesti vetes veesati s\u00f5ja jooksul kuni 38 000 meremiini ja nendele miiniv\u00e4ljadele s\u00f5ites hukkus \u00fcle 100 laeva. Kahe maailmas\u00f5ja vahelisel perioodil ei toimunud meremiinide arengus suuremaid muutusi ning alles Teises maailmas\u00f5jas (1939-1945) arendati v\u00e4lja p\u00f5hjamiinid \u00fches akustiliste ja magneetiliste sensoritega.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Meremiin on \u00fcheks levinumaks allveerelvastuseks<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meremiiniks nimetatakse l\u00f5hkekeha, mis on veeskamise tulemusena paigutatud veekeskkonda ning seej\u00e4rel j\u00e4etud ooteseisundisse. Sellise allveerelvastuse eesm\u00e4rgiks oli ja on t\u00e4nap\u00e4evalgi vastase laevade h\u00e4vitamine v\u00f5i nende liikumise takistamine kindlatel merealadel. V\u00f5rreldes teiste meres\u00f5jas kasutatud vahenditega eristub meremiin eelk\u00f5ige sellep\u00e4rast, et tema poolt p\u00f5hjustatud efekt ei ole koheselt n\u00e4htav ega m\u00f5\u00f5detav. Meremiini n\u00e4ol on tegemist allveerelvastusega, mis ootab kannatlikult vastase peal- v\u00f5i allveelaevade saabumist enda l\u00e4hedusse ning toimemehhanism aktiviseerub alles f\u00fc\u00fcsilisel kokkupuutel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kontaktmiinid koosnevad tavaliselt \u00fcmarast v\u00f5i silindri kujulisest miinikerest, mille k\u00fclge on kruvitud miinisarved ehk n\u00f6 Hertzi-sarved. Miinikere k\u00fclge on vaieri (terasest kaabli) abil kinnitatud miiniankur, mis v\u00e4listab miini kontrollimatu triivimise. Merep\u00f5hja vajunud ankur v\u00f5imaldas vaieri abil veemassis positiivse ujuvusega meremiinil kerkida veepinna vahetusse l\u00e4hedusse. Tavaliselt varieerus 20. sajandi esimese poole kontaktmiini kogukaal 500-1000 kg, kere l\u00e4bim\u00f5\u00f5t 0,8-0,9 m, k\u00f5rgus koos ankruga 0,9-1,9 m ja l\u00f5hkelaeng 100-150 kg trot\u00fc\u00fcli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Miini l\u00f5hkelaengu k\u00e4ivitajateks ehk n\u00f6 l\u00fclititeks olid meremiinide sarved, mis \u00fcldjuhul sisaldasid endas elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdiga t\u00e4idetud klaasampulle. Selliseid miine nimetati elektrilisteks miinideks, kus plahvatus kutsusti esile elavh\u00f5beda laengu l\u00f5hkamisega elektrivoolu abil. Vastavalt miini ehitusele kasutati plahvatuse saavutamiseks veel j\u00e4rgnevaid meetodeid: mehaanilist (l\u00f6\u00f6kn\u00f5ela abil) ja keemiliselt (keemilise reaktsiooni esile kutsumisega). Kuna meremiine oli visuaalselt raske fikseerida, v\u00f5isid nad n\u00e4htamatult veepinna all ooteseisundis olla kuni mitu aastat.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Miinis\u00f5jandus on \u00fcks meres\u00f5janduse valdkondadest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00f5rreldes \u00fclej\u00e4\u00e4nud mererelvastusega oli meremiinide n\u00e4ol tegemist suhteliselt odava relvat\u00fc\u00fcbiga, mida said endale lubada nii suurriikide, kuid ka v\u00e4ikeriikide merev\u00e4ed. Samas aga arenes meremiinist 20. sajandi jooksul meres\u00f5janduse \u00fcks ohtlikumaid relvasid, hakates etendama olulist rolli meres\u00f5janduses. Tema mitmekesisus seisnes lisaks odavusele veel selles, et miine sai vastavalt vajadusele kasutada kaitse- ja r\u00fcndeotstarbeliselt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meremiinide veeskamine \u00fches miinit\u00f5rjega (traalimine ja otsimine) kuulub \u00fchte meres\u00f5janduse spetsiifilisse valdkonda, milleks on miinis\u00f5jandus. Miinis\u00f5da h\u00f5lmab endast meremiinide kasutamist strateegiliselt, operatiivselt ja taktikaliselt. Tavaliselt ei veesatud miine \u00fcksikult, vaid ulatuslike miiniv\u00e4ljadena. Nende suurus, miinide vahemikud teineteisest \u00fches nende fikseeritud s\u00fcgavusega s\u00f5ltus omakorda riikide s\u00f5jalis-strateegilistest eesm\u00e4rkidest, geograafilistest erip\u00e4radest, potentsiaalse vastase liikumissuundadest ja tema v\u00f5imekusest. Miiniv\u00e4ljad jagunevad omakorda kolmeks:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>kaitsvateks (tagamaks enda territoriaalvetes v\u00e4eosadele turvalise operatiivtegevuse),&nbsp;<\/li><li>defensiivseteks (kaitsta enda sadamaid, rannikut ja laevateesid) ja&nbsp;<\/li><li>ofensiivseteks (veesata miiniv\u00e4ljad vastase vetes tema laevaliikluse h\u00e4irimiseks v\u00f5i h\u00e4vitamiseks ja man\u00f6\u00f6verduste takistamiseks).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Miinis\u00f5da rakendati Eesti vetes m\u00f5lemas maailmas\u00f5jas<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u00e4\u00e4nemere ja Soome lahe geograafia sobib enda kitsaste faarvaatrite, arvukate saarestike, laidude ja suhteliselt madala meres\u00fcgavuse t\u00f5ttu miinis\u00f5jaks v\u00e4ga h\u00e4sti. Eesti vetes rakendati miinis\u00f5da Esimeses ja Teises maailmas\u00f5jas. Hinnanguliselt veesati Teises maailmas\u00f5jas Soome lahele ja L\u00e4\u00e4nemerele \u00fcle 60 000 meremiini.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meie koduvetes leidis miinis\u00f5jandusega seoses aset \u00fcks t\u00e4helepanuv\u00e4\u00e4rne katastroof. Nimelt hukkusid 1941. aasta&nbsp; augustis k\u00f5igest kahe p\u00e4eva jooksul Juminda miiniv\u00e4ljal tervelt 40 laeva, mis viisid endaga m\u00e4rga hauda kaasa kuni 15 000 inimest. T\u00e4naseni on tegemist \u00fche ohvriterohkema meres\u00f5jalise trag\u00f6\u00f6diaga maailmas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Juminda miiniv\u00e4ljast ja siin s\u00fcndinud trag\u00f6\u00f6diast r\u00e4\u00e4gib terve n\u00e4itus<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uurige l\u00e4hemalt ja tulge n\u00e4itusele \u201cP\u00f5rgu L\u00e4\u00e4nemerel. Juminda meretrag\u00f6\u00f6dia 1941): <a href=\"https:\/\/meremuuseum.ee\/lennusadam\/porgu-laeaenemerel-juminda-meretragoeoedia-1941\/\">https:\/\/meremuuseum.ee\/lennusadam\/porgu-laeaenemerel-juminda-meretragoeoedia-1941\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Juminda miiniv\u00e4lja loomisel ohtralt kasutatud meremiin S\/40-B<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meremuuseum.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/241128582_4925179044177804_5617277453958698060_n-700x467.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29384\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Meremiin M712 (paremal) ja l\u00f5hkepoi (vasakul)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meremuuseum.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/241102068_4925179367511105_3834524674698345040_n-700x467.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29370\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Meremiin S\/41-I<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meremuuseum.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/241123176_4925180874177621_3851234714441750032_n-700x467.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29373\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Meremiinide detailid (paremalt vasakule: kokkup\u00f5rkes laevaga purunenud miinisarv, kontaktmiinide sarved, elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdiga t\u00e4idetud klaasampull ja kummitihend)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meremuuseum.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/img_20220713_111146-700x322.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29376\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Juminda miiniv\u00e4li ja laevade teekond Tallinnast Kroonlinna<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meremuuseum.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/juminda-laevade-teekond-mm-imeline-ajalugu-2022-700x316.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29379\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Juminda miiniv\u00e4li<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/meremuuseum.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/241127708_4925114507517591_6052876177024035119_n-700x467.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29367\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u00dclevaate koostas Eesti Meremuuseumi teadur Arto Oll.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Maailma merev\u00e4ed on veealuseid l\u00f5hkekehasid kasutanud juba sajandeid Meremiinidele omast t\u00f6\u00f6p\u00f5him\u00f5tet rakendati alates 16. sajandi algusest, mil hollandlased kasutasid triivivaid l\u00f5hkekehasid (p\u00fcssirohuga t\u00e4idetud anumaid) vaenlase laevade uputamiseks. Esmakordselt kasutati meres\u00f5janduses&#8230;","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":29384,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[93,2],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Meremiinid Eesti vetes - Meremuuseum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/meremuuseum.ee\/blog\/2022\/07\/13\/meremiinid-eesti-vetes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Meremiinid Eesti vetes - Meremuuseum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Maailma merev\u00e4ed on veealuseid l\u00f5hkekehasid kasutanud juba sajandeid Meremiinidele omast t\u00f6\u00f6p\u00f5him\u00f5tet rakendati alates 16. sajandi algusest, mil hollandlased kasutasid triivivaid l\u00f5hkekehasid (p\u00fcssirohuga t\u00e4idetud anumaid) vaenlase laevade uputamiseks. 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